perance society Salon Kannel (Wilderness Harp) saw its birth at the same period the workers' society was starting, but it was not able to experience the same growth, chiefly because it was unable to get itself a hall of its own, which meant it could not attract a growing membership - a vicious circle of circumstances. Meetings were held at members' homes, but this limited the scope of possible programs, particularly dramatics, and the society was forced to try to proceed as a Mutual Aid Society, which also failed, forcing the majority who wanted to participate in Finnish activities to join the workers' society. There were attempts later to keep temperance ideals alive through `home study group,' but interest there quickly died out and the results achieved remained minimal.

Religious aspirations suffered similarly. A few families tried to start an Evangelical Lutheran church, but without any positive results. The Methodists fared somewhat better, due to the visit to Nashwauk of Pastor M. Lehtonen, who was known for his socialist leanings : he was able to arouse enough local interest to start a Methodist church in 1908. The following year, membership was 30 persons, and progress seemed assured. A church was even built, but by 1925 it was found necessary to relinquish this to the American Methodist church, which had 250 members. The Finns continued to use the facilities for services of their own, but in the end most joined the now `mother' church, while the Lutherans, who had gotten nowhere with their own plans, were able to join the English-speaking Nashwauk Lutheran church which had been established in 1925.

Nashwauk did see relatively strong Kaleva activity, thanks to Knights' and Ladies' chapters it was able to inherit from other communities. The Knights, organized in Hibbing and then transferred to Chisholm, moved to Nashwauk in 1928, while the Ladies got their start somewhat earlier, being able to carry on the work started in Chisholm, where it soon failed, by taking up its charter in Nashwauk in 1924. Both have been able to proceed successfully in Nashwauk and to continue into the present time, with varied individual and joint activities, choral work and dramatics, program evenings, participating in fund-raising drives, and playing a leading role in Finnish relief activities.

The organized Finnish relief program was made a communitywide project of the Finnish Americans early in December 1939, when a mass meeting was held and a committee organized. J. P. Raattama was elected chairman, Hilda Törmä secretary, and Jalmar Levola treasurer. Before the end of the first phase in 1941,

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