And of course there were other differences, too, between the "real" lumberjacks of old and their successors: the old timer did not have the big money to spend that those who came later spent in the saloons, not to speak of their big bills which those of some decades later still carried in their pockets.

The police of Duluth are well-acquainted with the Finnish lumberjacks, the old as well as the young, not because they might have been deliberate law breakers but because they often had to sober up overnight in the jails. On the whole the lumberjacks were honest folk, and if a strange Finn came not once but twice to Duluth he probably became so friendly with the Bowery crowd that one or another might say, "Look, you're here again, do you want to borrow a dollar or two?" And if the loan was accepted, it was almost certain that it would be repaid, come what may.

The old-time lumberjacks still living after World War II in Duluth in the vicinity of the Bowery were simple folk : the state paid them some $60-70 a month in welfare funds, and out of that they spent some $15-20 for rent, a dollar or so a day for food, a little bit now and then for clothes, and the rest for drink.

Duluth, Gateway to the West: The employment offices located near the Northern Pacific's Union Depot, on Michigan Street, probably have found more jobs for workers than any equivalent employment agencies anywhere else in the world. And their clients were, in significant numbers, the Finns. Indeed, some of the agencies were even operated by them, by men like Emil Junttila and Arthur Mandelin and the Finnish-Swede, Carlson, a strange character who spoke poor Finnish, who was surly and peevish and whom the Finnish lumberjacks looking for jobs liked to tease. These agencies recruited men for lumbering, farming, harvesting, mining, bridge building, and for many other jobs all over the middle western and western states. In the autumn of 1905, for example, one of these agencies advertised in a Duluth Finnish newspaper, offering jobs on the railroads: five hundred Finns were needed, $2.25 per day wages were offered, with a deduction of $4.00 the week for food and quarters. Some accepted the offer, others went the rounds in the harbor, from one pier to another if times were bad and the boss said "No, sir, no help needed." But if there was work, a brighter future followed, filled with hard work and often with danger, for accidents were frequent, about two per month in a report of 1883.6 The `salt dock', the

6. Kolehmainen and Hill, op. cit. p. 40

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