Concepts of History and the Development of Property," Aku Päiviö's collection of poetry, "At the Threshold," and other books like Maxim Gorki's "Mother." And two years later still, "The Communist Manifesto" of Marx and Engels was available, together with A. A. Simons' "The Class Struggle in America," Peter Krapotkin's "The Battle for Bread," Edwin Bellamy's "Equality," Hilda Pärssinen's "Issues of Social Democracy," many more of Clarence Darrow's books, and a "Workers' Songbook." In addition to these, there were scores of inexpensive, 10 and 25c books, treating in briefer form various issues, and an even greater number of pamphlets, which the local chapters bought to distribute among Finns in their particular communities.

The Työmies was responsible for many books, among its earliest publications being V. S. Alanne's Finnish-English dictionary, its most ambitious project, and A. Bogdanoff's "Short Treatise on Economy," Kautzky's "Beginnings of Christianity," N. R. of Ursin's "Toward the Future," B. White's "The Carpenter of Nazareth," Arthur M. Lewis' "Ten Blind Leaders," A. M. Simons' "Class Struggle in America" and "The American Farmers," a book based on a debate between Karl Kautzky and Anton Pannekoek entitled "Mass Movement and Revolution," Allan E. Benson's "What Socialism Really Is" and Georg Brandes' "The Jesus Myth." The Työmies also published many works on the history of the party it represented.

The publications of the industrialisti were not so numerous, but among its more important books were Leo Laukki's "Toward an Industrial Society" and "The Russian Revolution, Bolshevism and the Soviet Union," George Humon's "The New Society and Its Builders" and Upton Sinclair's "The One-Hundred Percent Patriot." There were, of course, many smaller works, particularly material on the IWW.

The communists naturally published chiefly the works of Finnish and Russian communist leaders, like Kuusinen, Sirola, Lenin, Stalin, Bucharin, Sinovjev and Losowsky. Many of these books were printed in the Soviet Union, but among books actually produced in America were, among others, a book by William Z. Foster on communist labor policies, several works of fiction with a Finnish civil war background, with Lauri Luoti's "Heroes on the Surface" and "The Eternal Sacrificial Flame" falling into this category.

To conclude, in his history of the Finnish-American labor movement, (Amerikan Suomalaisen Työväenliikkeen Historia, Fitchburg, Massachusetts, 1951), Elis Sulkanen has stated that the

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