discussed later. It did have a Duluth section, however, with Wäinö W. Brander as chairman, and the purpose of the society was to aid Finnish-born citizens in finding municipal jobs and positions in their respective communities.

The second organization founded in the 1930s, and of considerably more local interest, was the Townsend Movement which, in the depths of the depression sought to cure economic ills with a program based chiefly on pensions for the old. The existence of Townsend Clubs has already been mentioned in previous chapters, but there was also such a club in Duluth, in addition to a central Finnish bureau, led by Onni Laine, who became more widely known later as a radio announcer. According to Laine, the Finnish bureau was run under the aegis of the Townsend Club organizations and represented the Minnesota area where, says Laine, there were at least 10 clubs, with the last of them, the one at Trout Lake, remaining in existence until 1942.

Duluth's independent mixed chorus in 1922. Front row: Lillian Korvela (Havela), Hilja Korpela (Sieraski), Ruth Lahti, Hilma Kyllönen (Anund). Second row: Martha Isomaa, Maiju Kokko, Alma Arminen, Antti Immonen, director, Margaret Seppälä (Lauttamus), Olga Mattson (Backman), Anna Tenhunen, Alex Kiljander. Third row: Jack Pontinen, Einar Partti, Florence Johnson, Riika Juntunen (Manninen), Selina Vainio, Bertha Saarinen, Valpuri Dahl, Emil Saastamoinen. Back row: John Kyyhkynen, Adolph Lundquist, John Suomela, Frederick Johnson, Gust Miller, Henry Koski, Gustave Lahti. 294