county and municipal highway and bridge building. Salo switched within a few years into the restaurant field, but Wiinamäki continued his construction work successfully for some three decades. Ojala and Laine were engaged in the same kind of work, and August Laine specialized in bridge building projects. Sanfrid Ruohoniemi has been a successful realtor in Duluth, and after World War II, Jack Salo has had an engineering firm in the city.

The Swedish-Finns who came to Duluth engaged by and large in the same activities ' as the rest of the Finns, but in addition many of them have also worked as fishermen on Lake Superior. This was a logical undertaking for them, for in Finland, too, a big percentage of them were fishermen in the Gulf of Finland and, particularly, in the Gulf of Bothnia. When sawmills began to appear in Duluth, a number of the Swedish-Finns found work there. Although the sawmills later gradually offered less and less opportunities, the Swedish-Finns, clever and skilled, learned to use many kinds of milling tools and were able to utilize their skills in the building construction field, where their services were in demand. Their names also appeared in business endeavors, of course, with William Holm in the management of the Mercantile Company, John A. Forsman as owner of the Realty Company, and Swedish-Finns as the majority owners of the Roller Harrow and Manufacturing Company. The best known of their enterprises, however, has been a firm called Jacobson Brothers.

The Cooperative Movement: The first cooperative enterprises to appear in Duluth were the residential clubs. already mentioned, and then came the Farmers Exchange, started in 1919, and which became a member of the central organization in 1931. Its sales for the year 1938 amounted to $44,000. The Arrowhead Cooperative Creamery Association, which was started in 1925 and joined the Cooperative Central in 1936, had a yearly business gross of $379,000 in 1938. The Duluth Consumers Cooperative Society was established in 1936, and two years later when it joined the central organization its annual sales amounted to $28,000. The Duluth Cooperative Society was born in 1940 and originally occupied premises on East First Street, but in 1947, when expansion was in order, a fairly large building was bought on West First Street. Members and customers have included many Americans, but the backbone of the business is its Finnish clientele. Business managers here have been Otto Niemi, Fred Champion, Leslie Harris, Joseph Guerin, Alfred Scott, Frank Biltonen, Gerald Wedland, Charles Mäkelä, Ray Tast and Einar Ruoko.

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