development and refinement of our material and spiritual reserves; united, very little would remain impossible to the FinnishAmerican businessmen" - the moment the association was born it promptly died, after the first enthusiasm displayed had abated.

On the whole, informal association for specific purposes proved more fruitful, in the form of joint exhibits, for example, where the Duluth Finns have displayed their products. Although attempts to collaborate for an exhibit at the Panama Pacific World Fair came to practically nothing, in spite of committees appointed to arrange it, on the local level results were better. In the summer of 1920, for example, there was an exhibition of Finnish arts and crafts in Duluth, and similar displays were presented for several years at the St. Louis County annual fair, but attention in these displays seemed to be focussed chiefly on individual handicraft and souvenirs from Finland. In 1935, however, Duluth saw a professional exhibition of Finnish arts and crafts, and similar exhibits have been repeated later. And Finnish businessmen have made numerous visits to all corners of Minnesota, individually and in groups, and over the years articles imported from Finland have had good sales in various Duluth stores and shops.

Professional Men and Political Personalities : Legal advice and aid has long been given to Finnish-Americans by lawyers of their own, by men such as Victor H. Gran, John R. Heino, John F. Mäki, Edward W. Peterson, Paul Sterling, A. A. Toivonen, Jerry Harri and Oscar John Larson. Of these men, Toivonen has taken part in political life, serving as Republican Party director for the Minnesota Eighth Congressional District during the 1938 campaign, for example. The most famous of these men, however, has been Larson, who received his Master of Science degree from Valparaiso University and studied law at the Michigan State University, receiving his degree in 1894 - the first Finn to so qualify in an American state university. He began his practice in Calumet, Michigan, and was soon elected Houghton County attorney. After this he entered politics actively, and in the 1900 presidential election campaigns, for example, he spoke at rallies in eleven states. He was a Republican, as were most Finnish immigrants at that time.

There have been various reasons for the misconception that the majority of Finnish-Americans have been Democrats. Factors such as Finnish-American Emil Hurja's position in the immediate circle of Franklin D. Roosevelt, or more properly, as Postmaster James A. Farley's "right-hand man" and campaign leader, have

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