mintalehti which, in 1938, had expressed its sympathy for a proposed new political party uniting workers and farmers. 30

Business managers of the Central have included A. J. Hayes (1938-1948), J. E. Phillips (1949-1952) and from 1952, J. Waldemar Koski. Together with other regional cooperative central organizations, the Cooperative Central owns many production facilities where all sorts of things are produced, all the way from fertilizers to fuels. At the annual meeting held in Duluth in March 1957, the name of the organization was changed officially to read Central Cooperatives, Inc.

Publicity and educational work is the responsibility of the Co-op Publishing Association, which since 1937 has been headed by Jack K. Heino. In addition to the Työväen Osuustoimintalehti and numerous publications in Finnish, much material has also been published in English. Mention should be made here of the Cooperative Builder, which in the 1950s was printed in a weekly edition of up to 50,000 copies, distributed to customers of the cooperatives. Since World War II, the Finnish cooperative movement has been moving ever closer to the pattern of American organizations, which have acknowledged their debt to the Finns. Bertram B. Fowler, in his Consumers Co-operatives in America, has stated: "The American cooperative movement owes a debt to the Finns, who arrived in America toward the end of the nineteenth century, for the Finns were among the ones who brought a clearer conception of American democracy. In the opinion of these Finns, a consumers' cooperative movement was the only economic form for a true democracy, and through their cooperative movement they have performed an immeasurable service to American democracy."

30. Kolehmainen and Hill, op. cit. p. 147 344