will be completely forbidden by the temperance societies." Some features were, however, adapted from the American example without alteration - for example, that on the death of a member the society would contribute $50 toward burial expenses. This annual meeting was brought to a close by a picnic in the country, and this at least set a precedent, for midsummer festivals (24 June) were held every year of the league's existence. New local societies were founded in many communities after this event, and within three years the Association included 39 local societies with a membership of 1,500. Men who served the Association as chairmen for long periods include Isaac Sillberg, Mikko Skyttä, Matti Manner, Esa Torkko and Frank Mattson. 5

The Association did not, however, enjoy a monopoly in its field, for a second league was soon in the making, due, according to Ilmonen, "to minor basic differences on such matters as Sunday entertainments, on prayers held at meetings, and chiefly on the power exerted by the newspapers." In the beginning, for example, the Association supported the Työmies with a $150 gift and promised a $100 annual subsidy, but the Työmies adopted a cool stand toward the Association and, once the subsidy was stopped, became inimical. The paper finally urged the creation of another league, and when the Good Hope of Calumet resigned from the Association in 1890 it proclaimed the establishment of a new central organization, the League of Finnish Friends of Temperance. Contrary to expectations, however, its constitution did riot differ greatly from that of the Association, and it did not even do away with the prayers, but it did adopt a slightly more liberal attitude toward Sunday festivities.

The presence of a second central league led to several larger communities now having two temperance societies, one affiliated with the Brotherhood Association, the other with the League of Finnish Friends, while single societies in smaller communities had a choice of which affiliation to make. Ilmonen was of the opinion that this situation led to beneficial results on the whole, for the competition between them led to a keen battle to recruit more new members, and both leagues sent speakers on tours to address groups in towns where no temperance society still existed. Among the early speakers sent out by the Association were J. Bäck, J. H. Jasberg, N. A. Lempsä and Isaac Silberg.

5. Ilmonen, S. Sivistyshistoria, I, pp 36-43, and Juhlajulkaisu Suomalaisen KansallisRaittius-Veljeysseuran 25-vuotisen toiminnan muistoksi, Ishpeming, Michigan, 1912. pp 321-55.

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