appear annually for decades, sometimes with a slightly altered title : Raittiuskansan Kalenteri or Suomalainen Raittiuskansan Kalenteri. In addition, the League of Friends and the Eastern League cooperated to publish numerous yearbooks, monthly journals and other publications, while the Brotherhood Association even held a competition offering prizes for the best writing on a temperance theme, prizes won by Aino Kukkonen and A. W. Havela. To encourage reading, most local chapters organized lending libraries for their members, and a survey made in 1900 indicated that there were 70 of them, with a total of over 20,000 volumes between them. And since the meetings required temperance speakers and lecturers on every occasion, special oratorical groups were set up to train new talents. All this activity reflected the continuing growth of the temperance movement: the Brotherhood Association was made up of 89 local societies, with about 4,100 members in all, while the Friends had 16 societies and about 640 members, the Eastern League 15 societies and 600 members. In addition there were some 30 independent local societies, with about 1,000 members. All this added up to a figure of some 150 local societies and some 6,500 members, and the growth was still continuing. 6

The annual meetings of these temperance leagues became true folk festivals, midsummer festivals. Typical of what they were like was, for example, the Ishpeming, Michigan meeting of 1903, to which the Finns of northern Minnesota arrived by special train. Choruses, bands, track teams made a colorful spectacle of this meeting of some 1,500 persons.

Just as the Swedish-Finns had done, the Finnish leagues sponsored visits of temperance lecturers from Finland. The first to come was Kalle Hyttinen, who spoke in many American communities in 1903. Three years later came Vilho Reima, and in 1908 came Alma Hinkkanen, who broke previous records by visiting more than 100 local chapters and making more than 400 speeches. In 1904, however, a more scientific approach to temperance problems became apparent in the arrival of Heikki Ananias, of Finland, who gave technical courses, three weeks long, with lectures covering all aspects of temperance work from a survey of its foundations and history to temperance training in the schools and the role of song and music in fostering temperance. Such courses of study were continued for several years under the sponsorship and expense of the Brotherhood

6. Ilmonen, op. cit. I, p. 56 and Amerikan Suomalaisen Raittiusliikkeen historia, p. 144

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