socialist chapter which promptly joined the central organization. Within a year there were 39 members, and on the eve of World War I membership had climbed to 78. The society succeeded in taking over the premises of the temperance society, as has already been indicated. When that hall was lost in a fire, a new one was built in 1910 at a cost of about $20,000. The new hall was able to house all the auxiliary activities typical of the times.

Dramatics played an important role, even in the absence of professional directors, and on one occasion the Chisholm chapter even put on a week-long dramatics workshop under the direction of Niilo Terho. Chisholm was also well-known for its choral groups : a mixed chorus originally conducted by Toivo Anderson and later by Jukka Mäkirinne was closely affiliated with

Chisholm Workers' Society women's gymnastic group in 1908. In front:
Kreta Tangen, Minnie Lukkarila, Elsa Frandila. Second row: Hilda Liikala,
Tilda Toivola, Annie Kivistö. Back row: Sofia Leskinen (Kyyhkynen), Mari
Luomala, Hilma Sandi, John Vilenius, director.

the workers' society, while Ivar and Lillian Ahonen, J. G. Hulme, Saima Pietilä and Lauri Siukonen directed choruses which were more or less independent in status, although they had many members who had previously sung for workers' groups. Hulme was also active as a band leader, as were K. Kleimola, Victor Taipale, Alex Koivunen and Hemming Hautala. The band directed

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