more in the way of costumes and scenery, (including Kivi's Refugees in 1914, then a version of Carmen in 1915, both directed by Lauri Lemberg, and starring Helmi Mäkelä and Viena Pasanen respectively) performed at Duluth's Orpheum Theater.

A permanent dramatics group was set up in 1916, and fullevening plays were acted twice a month, and one-act plays were included in the frequent program evenings and socials. Following Väinö Pernu, there was even a paid director, Kaarlo Liljeqvist from New York, who remained only for one season. Lauri Lemberg returned to the post in 1917 and remained active through 1926, when the Workers' Opera fell under communist control, and when a new series of directors came and went: Kalle Asiala, Lauri Lappi and Felix Hyrske.

At this point several members of what had been the Finnish Workers Association started a new organization, called the Finnish American Athletic Club. At first it met in the Glencoe Hall, which it rented, and then built its own quarters, the FAAC Hall, where plays were once more put on under Lauri Lemberg's direction until 1934. After that time the society had no permanent director, but members used to choose one of their group to be responsible for individual productions; among the directors of this sort were Jennie Mattson, Maj-Lis Keskelä, Ester Kyrömäki, Helmi Polk, Saima Mäki, Fanny Pesonen, C. K. Hartman, Antti and Hellin Vitikainen and Robert Anderson.

Luring the years 1922-25 there had also been a Youth League under the auspices of the Workers Opera, with Sigrid Lemberg as its director and sponsor. Young people from the ages of 10 to 21 were eligible foä membership. These young people also used to put on plays, in both Finnish and English, up to 1934 when the League was terminated. However, there was an attempt to continue the dramatics phase, with Finnish-speaking youth starting a drama group in 1935, but putting on their plays in English. Several plays were produced, under the direction of a paid director, but lack of popular support caused the end to come rapidly.

One last but short-lived attempt seems to have been the dramatics group under the League for Democracy, started in 1940, with Hilma Sulkanen directing two plays for it.

Musical Activities: The first Finnish concert band had been started in the days of the Nuija Youth Society, and when the Nuija came to an end and the Friends Youth Society came into being, it inherited the previous society's assets, including its band instruments. Since this new society had more liberal rules than either its predecessor or the temperance society, its membership

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