was perhaps for that reason larger and more active. Among them were members who were interested in music, and when Kalle Holopainen, who had played the baritone horn in the Viipuri Battalion Band in Finland, moved to Duluth in 1905, they found in him a competent director. There were about 20 men in the band, but the only names that have survived are those of Matti Hauru, another veteran of the Viipuri Battalion Band, and Albert Hendrickson, Matti Johnson, Matti Wahlberg, a man named Kauppi, and Gust Vehviläinen. When Holopainen left Duluth in 1908, he was succeeded by a man named Louhi, a former member of the Lappeenranta Dragoon Regiment Band, who also directed

Duluth S. S. 0. mixed chorus in 1916. Seated: Frans Lindroos, director. Front row: Sandra Korpela, Hilja Virtanen, Hilda Suksi, Aino Helin, Fannie Niemi (Pesonen), Ida Harju, Mandi Ylönen. Back row: Adolph Hovi, Paul West, unknown, Mike Mononen, John Aalto, Andrew Keinanen, Lauri Lemberg.

a mixed chorus and a men's chorus, among whose members were John Aalto, Charles Carlson, Aino Selin, Emil Männistö, Alma Paarijoki, Fanny Saari, Ernest Sairanen, Hilda Suksi and Hilja Wirtanen. Louhi served about one year, to be succeeded by Kellosalmi, also a Lappeenranta veteran, who was followed by Beckman, then in 1913 by Yrjö Yrjölä.

Meanwhile, the band instruments had changed ownership once more, since the Friends Society assets had come to the socialists' Duluth local in 1911, and in the autumn of 1913 this re-organized

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