a turning point where the second and third generation, with a better cultural background, once more begins to realize the values of this heritage from their forefathers. 8

Neither writer was able to foresee that very shortly world history was to change the basis of this issue and that the FinnishRussian war would make every Finnish American proud to be able to say that he was of Finnish descent. For the result has been, as T. B. Rosenberg wrote in the Kalevainen in 1951, that the younger generation now realizes the significance of their heritage and, proud of this heritage, wants to preserve as much of it as possible. In recognition of this development, several Finnish newspapers even started English-language sections in their papers, a development which on the whole proved fruitless. However, many Finnish organizations also started special youth auxiliaries, or introduced English language into their own programs. Jokinen has noted, for example, that in only two of the 26 cooperatives founded by Finns in Minnesota did the board of directors now conduct their meetings exclusively in Finnish. It was within this framework of a changed and changing focus that the Kaleva organization was able to sponsor its successful summer courses over a period of years.

In connection with Eveleth the work of the Kaleva Ladies still remains to be mentioned. It was in Eveleth that the Ladies' Supreme Chapter was founded in 1906 (and they were to meet again in Eveleth in 1930.) A local chapter was started in 1908 with the following founding members : Maria Abramson, Katri Johnson, Maria Keturi, Riika Maijala, Maria Meri, Kustaava Perry, Eriika Päätalo, Fiina and Sofia Rauma, and Jenni Stockman. In its long active career, the chapter's work on behalf of Finnish relief has been outstanding. Finally one unusual feature has been that even in 1956 all the activities were still being conducted in Finnish. Furthermore, third degree members of this order founded the first third degree chapter in all America.

Other Organizations : Of other Finnish organizations in Eveleth the most significant ones have been the Athletic Society Ponnistus, started in 1905, the Civic Club, and the relief organizations. The Civic Club was active from the beginning of the depression in the early 1930s, and in 1937 it was entrusted with arranging the third annual summer festival of the Minnesota Civic Clubs, with Herman Kortesoja as chairman of the committee in charge of

8. Canadan Uutiset. 26 June 1939.

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