a lodge when the Hibbing chapter was transferred there in 1914, but it lost the lodge again when local membership dropped and the chapter was re-located once more, in Nashwauk, where it has subsequently remained.

The Ladies' activity began along the same lines, although they did establish a chapter directly, in 1914; four years later it had come to a standstill, and when it was subsequently reactivated it was also transferred to Nashwauk, in 1924. Then, in 1929, a new beginning was seen in Chisholm, with 9 women as founding members : Olga Ahonen, Eveliina Erkkilä, Alma Hautala, Maria Hellsten, Olga Hulme, Aino Jääske, Sanna Kaatiala, Hilda Lehto and Fiina Näykki. Before the year was out, membership had climbed to 30, and although there was later some fluctuation, membership averages remained fairly firm. Modest family programs, bazaars, etc., have brought in sufficient income to enable regional meetings to be held and support to be given for youth programs, even though not under local auspices.

Other Organizations : The enthusiasm of Chisholm Finns for organized activities remained apparent in various new organizations started in later decades. The first of these was the Finnish American Educational Association, started in 1920, as the equivalent to the civic clubs which sprang up in other communities. Its officers in 1957 were : Emil Kaatiala, chairman; Andrew Peltola, secretary; Paavo Wäisänen, treasurer.

During the Delaware Tercentenary year, a special committee was set up in Chisholm to solicit funds, but it was a mere prologue to the Finnish relief work which was started locally in November 1939, with the Kaleva Ladies summoning together for this task other local groups, specifically, the two Finnish churches. Their first joint undertaking, in January, was a `coffee party' to benefit Finland, and that brought into being a women's committee, with Mary Hellsten as chairman, Saima Pietilä as secretary and Taimi Lahti as treasurer. Two weeks later the local men organized, too, and their committee was headed by F. Talus as chairman, Ed. Ahonen as secretary and O. Pohjonen as treasurer. An appeal was also directed toward American circles, and two more committees were born, one of them (according to Halonen) with the Mayor of Chisholm, Ed Wheeler as chairman and the other with C. R. Raattama. Their fund raising activities were directed in the first instance to sponsoring a benefit concert. The Finns, meanwhile, tried to get everyone to join the cause by holding a mass meeting in April, and at that meeting an executive committee was appointed: Oscar Näykki, chairman; Matt Jääskö,

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